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Have you heard of the cayenne pepper and water diet? Controversy has recently surrounded the so-called cayenne pepper and water diet, primarily due to it’s association with Beyonce Knowles who apparently lost 20 pounds during filming for the movie “Dreamgirls” living only on cayenne pepper and water. The facts are not in dispute, the actress did apparently lose weight quickly over a short period and there is no reason to dispute how this was achieved.

However the question that must be asked is can this be called a “diet”? Some would say that what Beyonce Knowles did was simply starve herself of food, surviving solely on liquids. Surely the cayenne pepper had no noticeable effects other than perhaps adding a little taste to the water?

It should perhaps be noted that there are certainly recorded health benefits associated with cayenne pepper, including aiding digestion, strengthening of the heart, claims it contains mild pain relieving qualities, and there are even reports of using cayenne as a dressing for wounds.

Even taking these reported benefits into account, can this cayenne pepper and water diet really be called a diet? It should more properly be seen as a purely starvation exercise undertaken by a committed actor wishing to lose weight quickly in pursuit of her art and career, presumably with the safety net afforded to highly paid and closely monitored movie stars. Presumably she will have been surrounded by assistants and helpers who would have been immediately on hand had Beyonce suffered from any starvation effects or ill health.

The danger in this story as with other fad diets is that impressionable people, young girls in particular, will have heard about this seemingly miraculous cayenne pepper and water diet and will wish to try it themselves, without any regard to the obvious and significant health dangers inherent in starving yourself in such a way. In particular this form of dieting could be very damaging if sustained for any length of time, any form of fasting should be carefully monitored for signs of deteriorating health.

It should also be said that this story and the controversy it has created are not the fault of Beyonce Knowles, rather it is created by media hype attempting to profit from the possibility others may try and follow her example. In recent times other actors have been required to lose weight quickly for their future roles, for example Christian Bale in the movie The Machinist. The actor dropped his weight to a dangerously low level by reportedly eating a single apple and a tin of tuna every day, but this did not become the “apple and tuna” fad diet, probably because Christian Bale does not have the same widespread fashionable image as Beyonce.

So in conclusion is this really a Diet? I would suggest not, with the hype surrounding it currently it could be categorized as a fad, and potentially a dangerous one. The only safe way to permanently lose weight is to eat healthy food, eat in moderation, and crucially undertake regular exercise. If you do this you will burn excess fat, your arteries will stay clear and healthy and you won’t risk damaging your body by starving it of the food it needs to stay fit and healthy.

Overweight Problem

Whether you like him or not, you have to respect Dr Phil just because of one thing.

He continually asks his guests one simple question: “How’s it working for you?”

Success in anything comes from FINDING WHAT WORKS then DOING WHAT WORKS.

I am going to reveal to you the Secret Weight Loss Formula that Celebrity personal trainer don’t want you to know about.

Before I reveal the secret, first I need to explain to you that there is process that your body goes through to burn body fat.

So how does your body burn fat?

It is a 2 steps process and in order you need to:
1. Release the fat from the fat cells and only then
2. You can burn the fat

That process is the same for every human being. I will outline the steps and then show you how you can easily apply some fundamental rules to allow your body to burn the maximum amount of fat with less effort and minimum time. Once you understand that simple process, you can easily see why you are not getting the results that you want. Even bigger, you will finally see that getting that dream body is getting so much closer to reality that you will be extremely motivated to get started as soon as you can.

How does your body release the fat from the cells?

Before you can turn your body into a fat burning machine, here what needs to happen: your body fat need to be released from the fat cells. You can accomplish this step successfully with your nutrition program. Here are some specific tips that you can apply right away to achieve that.

1. Eat 4-6 small, frequent meals and never skip meals.
2. Include small amounts of good fats.
3. Eat natural foods; avoid processed & refined foods
4. Eat lean proteins with each meal.
5. Eat more complex carbs, fruits & vegetables.

The most misunderstood weight loss strategy. How to burn the *fat* instead of burning muscles.

Releasing fat from the fat cells is not the end of it; actually, it is just the beginning. Because the fat needs to be transported from the fat cells to your muscles so it can be burned there. This is done through your blood and the cardiovascular system is responsible for that. The more effective is that system, the more effective your body will become at burning fat. You can improve your cardio vascular system by doing so cardio training. However, don’t go out yet and spend 1 hour on the treadmill because you probably not going to be doing too much good like that.

The reason is excessive cardio combined with a restrictive diet burns fat but mostly muscle tissue. That is not a good thing at all, because muscle tissue is where you burn the fat and if you are burning away muscle tissue, you are burning your ability to burn more fat in the future (weight loss plateau). You just don’t cut the hand that feed you. So cardio burns fat and it can also burn muscle tissue, this is a huge dilemma. Damn if you do, damn if you don’t. But wait there is a solution to that?

You need to do some MODERATE cardio training. The key word here is moderate.
Doing too much cardio can be detrimental and I am sure you have seen those people that are doing cardio on a daily basis and still not getting anywhere. The result is a low metabolism. Low metabolism means, your body fat is not going anywhere, anytime
soon. Here is what you need to do:

1. Do some moderate cardio training; the key word here is moderate
2. Never diet but consume little fewer calories that you will burn (No starvation diets, Please…)

The world most efficient “fat burner” is FREE and You already have it.

Before I reveal to you how personal trainer get those celebrities in the best shape of their life in such short period there is one more thing that I want you to understand. Because it is very important.
Weight loss marketers always claim that they have the magic “fat burner” that will melt your fat away. The problem is that they have a new one coming out every year, so I wonder if the one from last year was so effective, why we need a new one. There is only one thing that actually burn body fat is you already have it. It does not come in a bottle or a special recipe. Body fat can only be burned inside of your muscle tissue. I repeat Body fat can only be burn in your muscle tissue. This is the most important concept for you to grasp.

Your muscle tissue is your best friend when it comes to burn body fat. You need to preserve muscle tissues in order to keep losing weight. Most people go on a starvation diet combined a lot of cardio to lose weight. At first it may seems like this is working because they are losing scale weight. Now think about, scale weight does not tell you if weight loss is from fat, water or muscle tissue. Scale weight by itself is not a good indicator of success.

Losing water is only temporary,
Losing muscle will simply lower your metabolism and put you in the Yo-Yo dieting bandwagon. This should be avoided at all cost.
Losing fat while maintaining muscle mass is what your main goal should be.

To maintain muscle tissues you need to:
1. Do some resistance training. (This is not optional, it is mandatory)

The secret

Now that you understand the whole fat burning process, I am going to reveal to you how celebrity personal trainers do to get those amazing transformations. The strategy is to combine all the steps that I outlined so the body works as a unit. First the trainer makes sure that his client is eating the proper food on a regular basis.

By that I mean eating so that fat WILL be released from the fat cells. Then and only then they exercise the body to burn the fat. The important idea to take from this is:

“The fat can ONLY be burned after it is released from the fat cells”.

If you know anybody that has been exercising like a maniac and they don’t seem to go anywhere, now you know why.

The reverse is also true, Do you know somebody that is eating properly but they are not including cardio AND resistance training. Now you know why their body still look the same.

All you need to do is to combine a nutrition program, along with some MODERATE cardio program and maintain muscle mass with resistance training. Everything is combined with one goal in mind: Turning your body into an Automatic fat burning machine. It is that easy.

Don’t like the results you have been getting? Then CHANGE YOUR STRATEGY.

How do you change your strategy? How do you find one that works?

DO NOT continue doing something just because “THEY” say it’s the way things should be done. Allow yourself to choose the solution that will work for you, regardless of what it may be. The only way for you to know who is right is to measure your progress and ACTUALLY track your results.

CHANGE IS HARD, but it’s also worth it. Not getting results makes change EXTREMELY HARD.

Get support from friends, family or a coach. Losing weight is not as hard at it seems once you know what to do. Stop now and sign up to my Forbidden Weight loss Secrets blog at http://www.charlesblain.com because you will receive weight loss secrets that you will not get anywhere else. The result will be that body that you’ve always wanted.

Good Luck with your journey?If you really *need* specific help and you are very *serious* visit http://www.newjerseypersonaltrainer.com NOW.

Weight Loss Tips Without

Copyright 2006 Carol Solomon

Ever wonder if you have a serious problem with binge eating?

In a recent issue of the Harvard Mental Health Letter, I read a feature article about the treatment of bulimia and binge eating.

Bulimia is defined as 2 or more episodes of binge eating (consuming a large amount of food in 2 hours or less) at least twice a week for 3 months.

These episodes may be followed by vomiting or purging (with laxatives or diuretics) and may alternate with fasting and compulsive exercising.

People who suffer from bulimia often view this behavior as a shameful secret.

Binge Eating Disorder (binging that is not followed by vomiting, fasting or exercise) has gotten more attention recently since it is being considered for inclusion as a psychiatric diagnosis.

The criteria are tentatively listed as ?a condition that causes serious distress with at least 3 of the following symptoms occurring at least 2 days a week for 6 months:

? eating very fast
? eating until uncomfortably full
? eating when not hungry
? eating alone
? feeling disgusted or guilty afterward

Since most of the population has probably engaged in these eating behaviors at one time or another, I guess it comes down to the frequency and severity of the problem.

You can be a binge eater, but you would have to be binging quite regularly to be considered to have Binge Eating Disorder.

Many people engage in some of these behaviors all the time. People who live alone often eat alone. And while eating when you aren?t hungry is not the most satisfying experience, sometimes it is just an ingrained habit.

You do not have to be overweight to be a binge eater.

Many people with binge eating problems think they are overweight or are worried that they will become seriously overweight.

Dieting does not necessarily stop the binging and is often viewed as being part of the problem rather than the solution.

The body resists dieting by slowing metabolism and increasing appetite, commonly accompanied by an intense preoccupation with food, more binging, anxiety and depression.

If you are struggling with bulimia or severe binge eating problems, seek help and get the support you deserve. Don?t keep it a secret. You do not need to be heroic and suffer alone.

If you engage in some of the binge eating behaviors, join the club.

You can learn to change all of these behaviors, even mild to moderate binge eating by listening to your body, eating mindfully and being kind to yourself.

Fast Free Loss Rapid Weight

Have you heard of the cayenne pepper and water diet? Controversy has recently surrounded the so-called cayenne pepper and water diet, primarily due to it’s association with Beyonce Knowles who apparently lost 20 pounds during filming for the movie “Dreamgirls” living only on cayenne pepper and water. The facts are not in dispute, the actress did apparently lose weight quickly over a short period and there is no reason to dispute how this was achieved.

However the question that must be asked is can this be called a “diet”? Some would say that what Beyonce Knowles did was simply starve herself of food, surviving solely on liquids. Surely the cayenne pepper had no noticeable effects other than perhaps adding a little taste to the water?

It should perhaps be noted that there are certainly recorded health benefits associated with cayenne pepper, including aiding digestion, strengthening of the heart, claims it contains mild pain relieving qualities, and there are even reports of using cayenne as a dressing for wounds.

Even taking these reported benefits into account, can this cayenne pepper and water diet really be called a diet? It should more properly be seen as a purely starvation exercise undertaken by a committed actor wishing to lose weight quickly in pursuit of her art and career, presumably with the safety net afforded to highly paid and closely monitored movie stars. Presumably she will have been surrounded by assistants and helpers who would have been immediately on hand had Beyonce suffered from any starvation effects or ill health.

The danger in this story as with other fad diets is that impressionable people, young girls in particular, will have heard about this seemingly miraculous cayenne pepper and water diet and will wish to try it themselves, without any regard to the obvious and significant health dangers inherent in starving yourself in such a way. In particular this form of dieting could be very damaging if sustained for any length of time, any form of fasting should be carefully monitored for signs of deteriorating health.

It should also be said that this story and the controversy it has created are not the fault of Beyonce Knowles, rather it is created by media hype attempting to profit from the possibility others may try and follow her example. In recent times other actors have been required to lose weight quickly for their future roles, for example Christian Bale in the movie The Machinist. The actor dropped his weight to a dangerously low level by reportedly eating a single apple and a tin of tuna every day, but this did not become the “apple and tuna” fad diet, probably because Christian Bale does not have the same widespread fashionable image as Beyonce.

So in conclusion is this really a Diet? I would suggest not, with the hype surrounding it currently it could be categorized as a fad, and potentially a dangerous one. The only safe way to permanently lose weight is to eat healthy food, eat in moderation, and crucially undertake regular exercise. If you do this you will burn excess fat, your arteries will stay clear and healthy and you won’t risk damaging your body by starving it of the food it needs to stay fit and healthy.

Weight Loss Supplements From

As the holidays approach, a feeling of dread creeps in. Not only is money getting tighter, but your pants are, too. It’s the same old story. Colder weather keeps you stuck indoors, while the yummy holiday cooking fattens you up. Not this year. Not me! I refuse to gain those holiday pounds and you can, too. No, you don’t have to sign any contracts at an expensive gym. You can get the body you want on a limited budget.

You may not realize it, but workout videos are more fun and exciting than they used to be.

Workout videos are also much less expensive than a gym membership or buying home workout equipment like a treadmill or elliptical trainer.

If the thought of buying workout videos reminds you of leg warmers and striped leotards, you’ve got some catching up to do. You’re not stuck with the boring workout videos of the 80s and 90s anymore. Believe it or not, the same sought-after trainers who get paid the big bucks to train celebrities can be on call to train you in your own home for pennies a day.

Some of the newest fitness trends are available on video.

Ballet:

Have you always envied a ballet dancer’s lean and graceful body? Several ballet videos are now available as workout videos. One of the most popular choices right now was created by the famous New York City Ballet. Although you won’t learn to be the next prima ballerina training with exercise video at home, you will shape and lengthen your muscles for a graceful body.

Belly Dancing:

Shimmy your way to a great waistline. Whether you want an instructional video to teach you proper belly dancing technique or you just want to exercise with belly dance moves, you’ll find a wide variety of videos available.

Exotic Dancing:

You read that right. If you’ve ever thought it would be fun to learn sexy moves, then this is for you. In the privacy and safety of your own home, you can bump and gyrate to your heart’s content. I have also heard that laughter is good for your abs, so you’ll have that covered as well, especially if you have a mirror in your workout room.

Yoga or Pilates:

If you’re looking for a sleek, lean body, firm core, or more flexibility, then there are hundreds of yoga and Pilates videos to choose from. You’ll find yoga for adults as well as yoga for kids. Yes, kids get stressed, too. Yoga is a great way to teach them to relax.

Fitness videos for kids:

Oftentimes kids can be the best motivators. If you put in a Sesame Street dance video and your three year old asks you to dance with Elmo, you can hardly say “no”.

Once you’ve chosen a trend or video you are interested in, set a specific time each day to “meet” with your personal trainer. It’s best to rotate at least two different forms of exercise (or videos) to avoid repetitive use strains. You can do different videos each day, or alternate a walk, bike ride or other activity you enjoy on your non-video days. As long as you are moving, you’re keeping those spare pounds from firmly attaching to your body.

So, don’t sign that costly gym membership agreement just yet. Blow the dust off the exercise videos in your cabinet, get some good walking shoes, or check out the hottest trends at your favorite online store. It’s the frugal way to go.

Height Weight Chart Teens

Protein is found in all of your body’s cells. It is the essential nutrient that is responsible for the maintenance and repair of all of your organs, tissues, muscles, brain and bones. This individual built in repair kit occurs at the cellular level in our bodies. Protein regulates everything - our blood circulation, our metabolism and our immune system. Individuals who lack sufficient protein in their bodies have weaker immune systems than people who consume adequate protein in their diets. Also, people who are constantly on yo-yo diets where they lose and gain weight back frequently usually become protein deficient and have weaker immune systems. This fact has been proven by researchers who have found that these yo-yo dieters have about a third lower the number of killer cell activity than normal individuals. The so-called killer blood cells are essential for the immune system to function properly.

All foods are sources of energy; however, protein provides a greater boost in energy levels since it is absorbed slowly and thus produces a constant source of energy. Protein has real energy-staying power for your active, healthy, lifestyle. Fats and carbohydrates produce quick bursts of energy but cannot be relied upon to provide the body with a continuous source of energy, since they are digested and metabolized more quickly than protein. Fats and carbohydrates also tend to be stored as fat the body for later use. The Protein that we’re discussing is lean protein (lean meats, skinless poultry, seafood, egg whites, low-fat dairy products, legumes and beans, soy and tofu foods, skim and low- fat cheeses, and good-fat nuts). Lean proteins are also excellent sources of selenium, which. Is a mineral that protects the body against dangerous tree radicals that can destroy normal cells in the body. These free radicals can damage many different types of cells including connective tissue, which causes joint and muscle inflammation.

High-saturated fat protein products like fatty meats, hard cheeses, whole fat milk dairy products, whole eggs, mayonnaise, luncheon and smoked meats including bacon, sausage, and hot dogs are definitely not good sources of energy production. The reason for this is, that even though these products have some protein content, its value is offset by the saturated fat content of these foods. The saturated fat content of these foods do more harm to the body (heart disease, strokes, hypertension, high cholesterol and some forms of cancer) than the protein portion of the food can repair. These are called harmful proteins and are not recommended for any healthful weight-loss program.

For appetite control, lean protein tops the charts for staying power. By adding a small portion of lean protein to your meal, you’ll control hunger pangs for hours. Lean protein also has the advantage of being lower in calories than many foods, particularly saturated fat protein product refined carbohydrates and saturated fat foods. Once you substitute saturated-fat protein products, you defeat the appetite-controlling factor of the protein. The fat content of saturated- fat protein foods prevents the brain’s appetite-control center from shutting down. In other words, you’ll get hungry soon after your meal of a saturated protein food.

Your body needs between 15-30 of your total daily calories, however, can be dangerous, because it strains the kidneys. This is one of the reasons among many why low-carbohydrate, high saturated fat protein diets are dangerous to your health.

Insurance Weight Charts

This is a list of countries arranged by their ratio of Gross domestic product (GDP (Nominal)) to carbon dioxide emissions. The values were calculated by taking the ratio of percentage of global GDP and percentage of global carbon dioxide emissions. GDP data is for the year 2004 produced by the International Monetary Fund. Carbon dioxide emissions data was collected in 2004 by the CDIAC for United Nations (see List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions).

This article or section needs to be updated. Please update the article to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished.

Country	GDP (in billions of US Dollars)	CO2 emissions (in thousands of metric tons)	GDP per Emissions (in thousands of US Dollars per metric ton)
Chad	4.421	125	35.368
Cambodia	5.307	535	9.920
Switzerland	360.152	40,457	8.902
Mali	4.944	565	8.750
Afghanistan	5.971	693	8.616
Sweden	349.557	53,033	6.591
Iceland	13.063	2,229	5.860
France	2,059.71	383,310	5.373
Gabon	7.188	1,371	5.243
Central African Republic	1.309	253	5.174
Burkina Faso	5.114	1,096	4.666
Denmark	243.85	54,188	4.500
Hong Kong	165.823	37,411	4.432
Ireland	183.473	42,353	4.332
Austria	293.194	69,846	4.198
Netherlands	609.038	146,149	4.167
Comoros	0.363	88	4.125
Cameroon	15.784	3,839	4.111
Italy	1,728.86	449,948	3.842
Vanuatu	0.33	88	3.750
Uganda	6.817	1,826	3.733
United Kingdom	2,155.16	587,261	3.670
Japan	4,608.14	1,257,963	3.663
Belgium	359.155	100,716	3.566
Germany	2,744.22	808,767	3.393
Cape Verde	0.925	275	3.364
Saint Kitts and Nevis	0.406	125	3.248
Rwanda	1.835	572	3.208
Spain	1,044.51	330,497	3.160
Democratic Republic of the Congo	6.539	2,104	3.108
New Zealand	97.646	31,570	3.093
Portugal	179.377	58,906	3.045
Burundi	0.664	220	3.018
Côte d’Ivoire	15.501	5,162	3.003
Luxembourg	33.564	11,277	2.976
Guinea	3.97	1,338	2.967
Norway	258.986	87,602	2.956
Costa Rica	18.567	6,405	2.899
Finland	189.411	65,799	2.879
Bahamas	5.661	2,009	2.818
Greece	264.493	96,695	2.735
Mozambique	5.913	2,167	2.729
Tanzania	11.339	4,352	2.605
Dominica	0.272	106	2.566
El Salvador	15.822	6,167	2.566
Angola	19.8	7,897	2.507
Panama	14.179	5,661	2.505
Swaziland	2.386	957	2.493
Fiji	2.627	1,071	2.453
Niger	2.948	1,214	2.428
Uruguay	13.268	5,477	2.422
Zambia	5.44	2,288	2.378
Cyprus	15.789	6,750	2.339
Botswana	9.831	4,301	2.286
Namibia	5.61	2,471	2.270
Guatemala	27.27	12,220	2.232
Nepal	6.757	3,043	2.221
Barbados	2.817	1,269	2.220
Malta	5.428	2,453	2.213
Peru	69.663	31,493	2.212
Sudan	21.691	10,372	2.091
Saint Lucia	0.763	367	2.079
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0.408	198	2.061
Samoa	0.309	150	2.060
Singapore	107.405	52,252	2.056
Albania	7.452	3,674	2.028
Slovenia	32.738	16,212	2.019
Haiti	3.531	1,756	2.011
Kiribati	0.058	29	2.000
Brazil	663.552	331,795	2.000
Antigua and Barbuda	0.818	414	1.976
Grenada	0.426	216	1.972
Lao People’s Democratic Republic	2.508	1,280	1.959
Australia	639.356	326,757	1.957
United States	11,712.48	6,049,435	1.936
Latvia	13.737	7,098	1.935
Timor-Leste	0.339	176	1.926
Mauritius	5.93	3,197	1.855
Colombia	98.059	53,634	1.828
Malawi	1.903	1,045	1.821
Djibouti	0.666	367	1.815
Hungary	102.159	57,183	1.787
Sri Lanka	20.055	11,534	1.739
Israel	122.503	71,247	1.719
Bhutan	0.709	414	1.713
Benin	4.053	2,387	1.698
Lithuania	22.508	13,309	1.691
Paraguay	6.95	4,180	1.663
Madagascar	4.359	2,731	1.596
Senegal	7.958	4,993	1.594
Bangladesh	59.12	37,165	1.591
Mexico	683.486	438,022	1.560
Tonga	0.182	117	1.556
Canada	993.908	639,403	1.554
Chile	95.839	62,418	1.535
Kenya	16.199	10,588	1.530
Solomon Islands	0.265	176	1.506
Croatia	35.261	23,501	1.500
South Korea	681.227	465,643	1.463
Papua New Guinea	3.514	2,449	1.435
Gambia	0.401	286	1.402
Turkey	302.561	226,125	1.338
Belize	1.055	792	1.332
Lebanon	21.369	16,263	1.314
Cuba	33.92	25,818	1.314
Georgia	5.111	3,912	1.306
Seychelles	0.7	546	1.282
Bolivia	8.749	6,973	1.255
Ghana	8.872	7,190	1.234
Tunisia	28.129	22,885	1.229
Republic of the Congo	4.349	3,542	1.228
Morocco	50.031	41,169	1.215
Ethiopia	9.485	7,982	1.188
Slovakia	42.015	36,289	1.158
Nicaragua	4.496	4,007	1.122
Ecuador	32.636	29,268	1.115
Maldives	0.806	726	1.110
Myanmar	10.786	9,760	1.105
Sierra Leone	1.073	994	1.079
Philippines	86.703	80,512	1.077
Argentina	151.958	141,786	1.072
Guinea-Bissau	0.27	271	0.996
Armenia	3.573	3,648	0.979
Honduras	7.454	7,615	0.979
Liberia	0.46	470	0.979
Dominican Republic	18.435	19,640	0.939
Czech Republic	108.214	116,991	0.925
Equatorial Guinea	4.85	5,426	0.894
Brunei Darussalam	7.872	8,810	0.894
Eritrea	0.635	755	0.841
Togo	1.94	2,310	0.840
Romania	75.487	90,425	0.835
Jamaica	8.801	10,592	0.831
Poland	252.668	307,238	0.822
Saudi Arabia	250.673	308,393	0.813
Oman	24.749	30,899	0.801
Pakistan	98.094	125,669	0.781
United Arab Emirates	103.784	149,188	0.696
São Tomé and Príncipe	0.064	92	0.696
Jordan	11.398	16,465	0.692
Indonesia	257.005	378,250	0.679
Malaysia	118.461	177,584	0.667
Iraq	54.4	81,652	0.666
Bahrain	11.18	16,949	0.660
Suriname	1.493	2,284	0.654
Venezuela	112.8	172,623	0.653
Yemen	13.565	21,114	0.642
Nigeria	71.533	114,025	0.627
Estonia	11.646	18,944	0.615
Thailand	161.349	268,082	0.602
Qatar	31.734	52,904	0.600
Bosnia and Herzegovina	9.331	15,596	0.598
Kuwait	59.268	99,364	0.596
Mauritania	1.495	2,555	0.585
Bulgaria	24.331	42,558	0.572
Guyana	0.786	1,445	0.544
Republic of Macedonia	5.377	10,420	0.516
Libya	30.475	59,914	0.509
Egypt	78.802	158,237	0.498
India	667.342	1,342,962	0.497
South Africa	216.772	437,032	0.496
Vietnam	45.548	98,663	0.462
Serbia and Montenegro	24.518	53,322	0.460
People’s Republic of China	2,253.941	5,012,377	0.450
Zimbabwe	4.7	10,559	0.445
Algeria	85.016	194,001	0.438
Trinidad and Tobago	13.527	32,557	0.415
Tajikistan	2.073	5,004	0.414
Russia	591.861	1,524,993	0.388
Kyrgyzstan	2.215	5,727	0.387
Iran	161.261	433,571	0.372
Syrian Arab Republic	24.703	68,420	0.361
Belarus	23.141	64,890	0.357
Turkmenistan	14.196	41,726	0.340
Moldova	2.598	7,685	0.338
North Korea	22	79,111	0.278
Azerbaijan	8.682	31,365	0.277
Kazakhstan	43.152	200,278	0.215
Ukraine	64.883	330,039	0.197
Mongolia	1.625	8,553	0.190
Uzbekistan	12.001	137,907	0.087

• ^  Including French Guiana, French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, Martinique, New Caledonia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Réunion
• ^  Including Greenland and Faroe Islands
• ^  Including Netherlands Antilles
• ^  Including Taiwan and Macau, excluding Hong Kong

Source

Gross Domestic Product

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2007

• World Economic Outlook Database

Carbon Dioxide Emissions United Nations Millennium Development Goals Indicators, last updated - August 1, 2007

• List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

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Coordinates: 50°13?N 12°20?E? / ?50.217, 12.333

Plesná
Town
Flag Coat of arms
Country	Czech Republic
Region	Karlovy Vary
District	Cheb
Commune	Cheb
Elevation	499 m (1,637 ft)
Coordinates	50°13?N 12°20?E? / ?50.217, 12.333
Area	19.26 km² (7.44 sq mi)
Population	2,049 (2005)
Density	106 /km² (275 /sq mi)
Mayor	Miloslav Pospíšil
Timezone	CET (UTC+1)
- summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	351 35
Location in the Czech Republic
Wikimedia Commons: Plesná
Statistics: statnisprava.cz
Website: www.mestoplesna.cz

Plesná (German: Fleißen) is a town in the Czech Republic.

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Comune di Cesena
Municipal coat of arms
Country	Italy
Region	Emilia-Romagna
Province	Forlì-Cesena (FC)
Mayor	Giordano Conti
Elevation	44 m (144 ft)
Area	249.47 km² (96.3 sq mi)
Population (as of December 31, 2000)
- Total	93,857
- Density	376/km² (974/sq mi)
Time zone	CET, UTC+1
Coordinates	44°08?N 12°14?E? / ?44.133, 12.233
Gentilic	Cesenati
Dialing code	0547
Postal code	47023
Frazioni	see list
Patron	St. John the Baptist
- Day	June 24
Website: www.comune.cesena.fc.it

Cesena (ancient Caesena) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, south of Ravenna and west of Rimini, on the Savio River, co-chief of the Province of Forlì-Cesena. It is at the foot of the Apennines, and about 15 km from the Adriatic Sea.

The Palazzo del Capitano in Cesena.

History

Cesena was originally an Umbrian or Etruscan town. After a brief spell under Gaulish rule, it was taken over by Romans in the 3rd century BC. It was a garrison town of strategic importance which was destroyed in the wars between Gaius Marius and Sulla. Pliny mentions the wines of Cesena as among the best.

Cesena was on the border that the Exarchate of Ravenna shared with the Lombards. It was presented to the Papacy by its Frankish conqueror in 754 and passed back and forth between the popes and the archbishops of Ravenna, was briefly a communal republic 1183 - 1198 and was long contested between popes and Holy Roman Emperors a fief held sometimes by the Malatesta, sometimes directly held by the papacy, not without resistance.

The brief rule by the Forlivese Ordelaffi was crushed in 1357 by the Papal troops led by Cardinal Gil de Albornoz: the heroic defense of the town by Cia degli Ordelaffi, wife of the Lord of Forlì, against besieging Papal troops was ultimately unsuccessful.

The little comune revolted again in 1377 during the War of the Eight Saints. This time it was recaptured by Breton troops of Giovanni Acuto (the English-born condottiere John Hawkwood) under the command of Robert, Cardinal of Geneva, (later antipope Clement VII): the latter, acting as the legate of Pope Gregory XI, directed the savage murder of between 2,500 and 5,000 civilians, an atrocity by the rules of war at the time that earned the label the “Cesena Bloodbath” and the cardinal the “butcher of Cesena”. The following year what remained of Cesena was assigned by the new pope Urban VI to Galeotto I Malatesta.

During the period 1379-1465 the city recovered and prospered under the Malatesta, who rebuilt the castle (called Rocca Malatestiana) overlooking the town. The Malatestiana Library, built by near the castle by Malatesta Novello (1429), is considered a fine example of a Renaissance library and holds many valuable manuscripts.

After Novello’s death (1465), Cesena returned to direct Papal control, but was again seized by a local seignor, Cesare Borgia, in 1500. The city was elevated to capital of his powerful though short-lived duchy.

Cesena subsequently turned into a secondary city of the Papal States. In the 18th and 19th centuries Cesena gave births to two popes, Pope Pius VI and Pope Pius VII, and once had Pope Pius VIII as bishop, gaining the “city of the three popes” title. During the Napoleonic Wars it was stripped of numerous monasteries and churches. Some of its citizens had notable roles in the unification of Italy, in second half of the 19th century.

During World War II Cesena was near the Gothic Line, which passed on the Appennini near the city, and suffered heavily for Bombings.

In 1992 it was elevated to the rank of co-capital of province, together with Forlì.

The foemina tower of the Rocca Malatestiana in Cesena.

Main sights

Cesena’s monuments include:

• the Rocca Malatestiana (castle), built by Cardinal Albornoz (from 1380) over a pre-existing edifice which had hosted, among the others, Frederick Barbarossa and his nephew Frederick II. It was completed by the Papal governor Lorenzo Zane in 1480, and was used by Cesare Borgia as jail for Caterina Sforza. It has octagonal plant, with two main towers, the higher maschio and the lower foemina
• the ‘Biblioteca Malatestiana, the first public library in Italy.
• the Gothic Cathedral (completed around 1500).
• The Pinacoteca Comunale is housed in what was once a Benedictine monastery.
• The Galleria dei dipinti antichi della Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena is housed in what was once a Celestine monastery.

Economy

Cesena’s industry centers on agriculture, handicrafts, and tourism.

Bounding communes

• Mercato Saraceno
• Cesenatico
• Cervia
• Ravenna
• Gambettola
• Montiano
• Longiano
• Roncofreddo
• Meldola
• Bertinoro

Notable People From Cesena

• Nicoletta Braschi, Italian actress, best known for her work with her husband, actor and director Roberto Benigni.

Frazioni

Acquarola, Aie, Bagnile, Borello, Borgo di Ronta, Borgo delle Rose, Borgo Paglia, Botteghino, Budrio, Bulgaria, Bulgarnò, Calisese, Calabrina, Capannaguzzo, Carpineta, Casalbono, Casale, Case Castagnoli, Case Frini, Case Gentili, Case Missiroli, Case Scuola Vecchia, Celincordia, Celletta, Diegaro, Formignano, Gattolino, Gualdo, Il Trebbo, Lizzano, Luogoraro, Luzzena, Macerone, Madonna dell’Olivo, Martorano, Massa, Molino Cento, Monte Aguzzo, Monte Vecchio, Montereale, Monticino, Oriola, Osteria di Piavola, Paderno, Pievesestina, Pioppa, Ponte Abbadesse, Ponte Pietra, Pontecucco, Provezza, Rio Eremo, Rio Marano, Ronta, Roversano, Ruffio, Saiano, San Carlo, San Cristoforo, San Demetrio, San Giorgio, San Mamante, San Martino in Fiume, San Matteo, San Tomaso, San Vittore, Santa Lucia, Sant’Andrea in Bagnolo, Settecrociari, Tessello, Tipano, Torre del Moro, Trebbo, Valdinoce, Villa Calabra, Villa Casone.

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Lesser Grass Blue
Lesser Grass Blue, south India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Genus: Zizina Species: Z. otis
Binomial name
Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787)
Synonyms
Zizeeria otis

The Lesser Grass Blue, Zizina otis, is a species of blue butterfly found in south Asia. The Lesser Grass Blue is often misidentified as the Common Grass Blue, Zizina labradus.

Description

Male upperside

Pale violet-blue, with a silvery sheen in certain lights, fore wing: a broad brown edging along the termen, which covers in some specimens quite the outer fourth of the wing, while in others is much narrower. It is always broadest at the apex and is bounded by an anticiliary darker line, beyond which the cilia are brownish at base and white outwardly.

Hind wing: anterior or costal third to half and apex brown; a slender black anticiliary line, beyond which the cilia are as in the fore wing.

Male underside

trying to mate in Hyderabad, India.

Brownish grey. Fore wing: a short, transverse, dusky lunule on the discocellulars and a transverse, anteriorly curved, discal series of seven minute black spots, all the spots more or less rounded, the posterior two geminate, the disco-cellular lunule and each discal spot conspicuously encircled with white; the terminal markings beyond the above consist of an inner and an outer transverse subterminal series of dusky spots, each spot edged on the inner side very obscurely with dusky white, the inner line of spots lunular, the outer with the spots more or less rounded. Cilia dusky.

Hind wing : a transverse, curved, sub-basal series of four spots and an irregular transverse discal series of nine small spots black, each spot encircled narrowly with white. Of the discal spots the posterior four are placed in an outwardly oblique, slightly curved line, the middle two spots geminate; the three spots above these are placed in an oblique transverse line further outwards ; lastly, the anterior two spots are posited one over the other and shifted well inwards, just above the apex of the cell; disco-cellular lunule and terminal markings as on the fore wing, but the inner subterminal lunular line in the latter broader and more prominent. Cilia dusky. Antenna black, shafts ringed with white; head, thorax and abdomen brown, with a little blue scaling; beneath: white.

Female upperside

Brown, with a more or less distinct suffusion of violet-blue at the bases of the wings, on the hind wing continued obscurely along the dorsum; both fore and hind wings with slender anticiliary lines, darker than the ground-colour.

Female underside

Ground-colour slightly darker than in the male, markings precisely similar. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, but the thorax and abdomen above without any blue scaling.

Distribution

Zizina otis occurs in south Asia. It was reported from Oahu (Hawaii, USA) in 2008.

Larval host plants

The species breeds on many plants of the family Leguminosae including Alysicarpus vaginalis,Desmodium spp., Glycine max, Indigofera spp., Mimosa spp..

Gallery

References

1. ^ “Zizina labradus“. UTS Official Website. University of Technology, Sydney (2008-06-18). Retrieved on 2008-07-30.
2. ^ Bingham, C. T. (1907) Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 2
3. ^ Gee, Pat. 2008. New butterfly is discovered in Waikiki lot. Honolulu Star-Bulletin (online). Posted Oct. 14, 2008; accessed Oct. 14, 2008.

See also

• List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)

General reading

• Evans, W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
• Gaonkar, Harish (1996) Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a threatened mountain system. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.
• Gay,Thomas; Kehimkar,Isaac & Punetha,J.C.(1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
• Haribal, Meena (1994) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.
• Kunte,Krushnamegh (2005) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press.
• Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.

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